On 19 March 2021 a volcanic eruption started in the Geldingadalir valley at the Fagradalsfjall mountain on the Reykjanes peninsula, South-West Iceland. The volcano is situated approximately 30 km from the country’s capital city, Reykjavík. The main period of the eruption lasted from March to September 2021. A second eruption started on 3 August 2022 in Meradalir valley at the Northern end of the first eruption and lasted just over two weeks. In the most recent developments, a new fissure opened further North next to Litli-Hrútur on 10 July 2023 (ongoing at the time of writing) and keeps changing and transforming the landscape in surrounding areas as a result.





2014 will be remembered as a year in which two nation-states faced the debate around city-regional configuration within their borders in very different ways. The United Kingdom witnessed a closely fought pro-union outcome in its Scottish independence referendum while, in Catalonia, despite a consultation process showing a huge majority declare their desire for independence, this outcome was not recognised by the Spanish government.